Τα εξωτερικά γνωρίσματα, σε καμιά περίπτωση δεν μπορούν να αποτελέσουν ασφαλές κριτήριο βλακείας। Υπάρχει άραγε πιο αξιόπιστο κριτήριο; Ο οικονομολόγος Κάρολο Μ. Τσιπόλα πιστεύει ότι υπάρχει. Στο βιβλίο του Οι θεμελιώδεις νόμοι της ανθρώπινης βλακείας γράφει: «Από κάθε πράξη ή παράλειψη είτε ωφελούμαστε είτε ζημιωνόμαστε, ενώ την ίδια στιγμή ζημιώνουμε ή ωφελούμε τρίτους». Όχι μόνο οικονομικά ή με την έννοια της ηθικής ικανοποίησης, αλλά και ψυχολογικά, με την έννοια της συναισθηματικής πίεσης. Με βάση αυτή ακριβώς τη ζυγαριά κέρδους-απώλειας και χρησιμοποιώντας ένα σύστημα καρτεσιανών αξόνων μπορούμε να χωρίσουμε το ανθρώπινο είδος σε τέσσερις μεγάλες κατηγορίες. Σ´ αυτούς που υστερούν σε πνευματικά εφόδια, στους έξυπνους, στους κακούς και προφανώς στους βλάκες. Οι πρώτοι είναι εκείνοι που ωφελούν τους άλλους, ζημιώνοντας τον εαυτό τους. Στην δεύτερη κατηγορία ανήκουν εκείνοι που πάντα αποκομίζουν κάποιο όφελος είτε για τον εαυτό τους είτε για τους άλλους. Κακοί είναι όσοι, προκειμένου να κερδίσουν κάτι οι ίδιοι, βλάπτουν τους άλλους. Και ηλίθιοι είναι όσοι, χωρίς να αποκομίζουν κάποιο όφελος, βλάπτουν τους άλλους ή ακόμα και τον ίδιο τους τον εαυτό. Μερικοί θα χρησιμοποιήσουν ως αντεπιχείρημα ότι είναι πολύ δύσκολο να κρίνει κανείς αντικειμενικά κάποια γενικής φύσεως προτερήματα ή ελαττώματα. Και κυρίως ότι πρέπει να λαμβάνουμε υπόψη μας τις αξίες του κάθε ανθρώπου ξεχωριστά για να μπορέσουμε να ζυγίσουμε τα υπέρ και τα κατά.
Πράγματι, οι παραπάνω κατηγορίες δεν είναι απόλυτες, γιατί η πλειοψηφία των ανθρώπων δεν ενεργεί πάντα με τον ίδιο τρόπο. Ένας κατά βάση έξυπνος άνθρωπος δεν αποκλείεται να συμπεριφερθεί σαν ηλίθιος ή να υιοθετήσει συμπεριφορά κακού..
(Αν οι ηλίθιοι ήταν λιγότεροι από τους κακούς, οι κακοί δε θα επιβίωναν του Σάμιουελ Μπάτλερ)
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